From D1 to Galileo

The current study of the history of French space science and technology has been reduced to a kind of “launch vehicle history” because of France's policy of emphasizing independent access to space. However, launch vehicles are only one aspect of space science and technology. Other elements need to be examined for a more comprehensive understanding of France's self-reliance in this field. Under the influence of U. S. space policy, Satellite-based positioning and navigation systems were a novelty in France in the 1960s, becoming an important aspect of bilateral cooperation between the two countries. This cooperation with the United States facilitated France's mastery of the relevant fields and laid a solid foundation for France's participation in the Galileo program. An examination of the development of the French satellite positioning and navigation system enable us to better understand the self-reliance of French space policy and science and technology, as well as to recognize the political and technological role of France in the development of the Galileo system.