Fluid mixing technologies are indispensable in the fields of biomedicine and biotechnology, where precise control over mixing processes is essential for optimal performance. Traditional mixing systems, such as stirred tanks, jet-flow mixers, and mechanical drives, often suffer from limitations in terms of precision, scalability, and energy efficiency, especially when adapted to complex biomedical applications. Recent developments in micro/nanostructured fluid mixing technologies offer promising solutions to these challenges by enabling efficient, controllable, and energy-saving mixing at the microscale. These technologies leverage intricate micro/nanostructures that can enhance diffusion, induce vortices, and generate chaotic convection, thus overcoming the constraints faced by conventional methods. In this paper, we systematically classify these micro/nanostructures based on the fluid mixing phenomena they exploit and review their applications across a range of biomedical fields, including biomaterials fabrication, drug development, cell culture, organs-on-chips, biosensing, and diagnostics. We also examine how these technologies contribute to advancements in precision medicine, personalized treatment, and high-throughput testing. Finally, we discuss the future challenges, opportunities, and interdisciplinary collaboration needed to further advance the clinical and industrial adoption of micro/nanostructured fluid mixing technologies.
Wáng et al. (2026) studied this question.