This interdisciplinary study explores the impact of spatial dimensions on residents’ emotional and physiological responses within Beijing’s historic Siheyuan compounds. Using virtual reality, electroencephalography, galvanic skin response, and psychological assessments, we investigate human-environment interactions. Our findings identify optimal ceiling heights (2.4–3 m, peaking at 2.8 m) and courtyard depths (6.5–12 m, with significant points at 6.5 m initially and 12–14 m subsequently) that enhance emotional resonance and physiological comfort. These insights are crucial for ergonomic design in residential architecture, benefiting architects, urban planners, and policymakers. By highlighting spatial configurations that promote well-being, we advance a human-centered design approach that respects historical authenticity while addressing modern needs. This research enriches the discussion on cultural heritage preservation and provides guidelines for creating spaces that resonate with occupants. Through rigorous integration of empirical data and theory, we set a new standard for incorporating human factors into the design of sustainable, culturally significant environments.
Liu et al. (Thu,) studied this question.