Gauge-independent Abelian mechanism of color confinement in gluodynamics

Abelian mechanism of non-Abelian color confinement is observed in a gauge-independent way by high precision lattice Monte Carlo simulations in gluodynamics. An Abelian gauge field is extracted with no gauge fixing. Then we decompose the Abelian field into regular photon and singular monopole parts using the Hodge decomposition. We find that only the monopole part is responsible for the string tension. The investigation of the flux-tube profile then shows that an Abelian electric field defined in an arbitrary color direction is squeezed by the monopole supercurrent with the same color direction, and the quantitative features of flux squeezing are consistent with those observed previously after Abelian projections with gauge fixing. Non-Abelian color confinement is explained in the framework of the gauge-independent Abelian dual Meissner effect.