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This paper presents a general power flow and optimization approach for power systems including multiple energy carriers, such as electricity, natural gas, and district heat. The model is based on a conceptual approach for the inclusion of distributed resources. Couplings between the different energy carriers are regarded explicitly, enabling investigations in power flow and marginal price interactions. Optimal demand, conversion, and transmission of multiple energy carriers within a system is formulated as a combined optimal power flow problem. A numerical example demonstrates how the method can be used for different system studies.
Geidl et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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