The Reinvention of Politics: Rethinking Modernity in the Global Social Order.

Key Points

• To investigate the structural transformation of modern politics and conceptualize how global modernity generates new political dynamics and alternative modernization paths.
• Conducted a conceptual and sociological analysis of modernization processes and institutional structures.
• Synthesized frameworks addressing the politicization of systemic side effects, counter-modernization, and subpolitical action.
• Identifies the emergence of subpolitics, in which individuals and non-state actors engage in direct political action outside traditional state institutions.
• Outlines structural shifts toward counter-modernization and alternative modernities resulting from the side effects of advanced industrial progress.