Development and validation of a self-care scale for older adults undergoing hip fracture surgery: the HFS-SC

BACKGROUND: The ability to take care of oneself after hip fracture surgery is important for older adults. Various scales have been developed for evaluation of this ability, but a scale specifically focusing on hip fracture has not been developed. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale (Hip Fracture Surgery Self-Care Scale, HFS-SC) to evaluate self-care for older adults undergoing hip fracture surgery. METHODS: The scale was developed according to the guidelines by DeVellis. Initial items were derived from a literature review and individual interviews with 11 older adults who underwent hip fracture surgery. To confirm the suitability of the questions, a preliminary survey was conducted on 25 older adults. Psychometric testing was performed on 300 older adults 65 years old or over living at home after surgery for hip fracture. Psychometric properties of the scale were examined by content validity, construct validity, concurrent validity, internal consistency reliability, and test-retest reliability. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the 18-item scale comprised five factors (functional independence, symptom recognition and management, positive mental health, participation and support in social activities, and a safe environment). The results of EFA showed that the factor loadings ranging from 0.51 to 0.87. The results of CFA were χ2=375.83, χ2/df=2.14, RMSEA 0.07, SRMR 0.05, GFI 0.88, TLI 0.91, and CFI 0.92 for the 18-item scale. The reliabilities of the scale were 0.91 for Cronbach's alpha and 0.82 for test-retest reliability. CONCLUSIONS: The HFS-SC has acceptable validity and reliability and is expected to be useful for evaluating the levels of self-care for older adults undergoing hip fracture surgery and adjusting at the post-fracture period at the community or out-patient department.