Context: Digital Twin (DT) technology is increasingly explored in the space sector, yet its application in space robotics remains fragmented and less mature than in other industries. Existing studies report isolated implementations, but a structured analysis to clarify DT roles and guide future developments is still lacking. Objectives: This paper provides a systematic literature review of DT applications in space robotics. The study aims to (i) classify primary objectives of their use, (ii) map applications across system lifecycle phases, (iii) identify recurring challenges, and (iv) report advantages while deriving analytical insights for future research. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review using a comprehensive search across multiple databases. After applying defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 46 academic publications were selected for detailed analysis. Beyond descriptive categorization, a cross-cutting synthesis was performed to examine why DTs are used, where they are instantiated along the system lifecycle, and what constrains their deployment. Results: The analysis shows that DTs are primarily used for assembly processes and robot behavior modeling, while human–robot collaboration and communication remain underexplored. Applications are mainly distributed across design (iterative optimization and virtual verification), manufacturing (production control and real-time monitoring), and service phases (state monitoring and predictive maintenance). However, most implementations rarely span the full lifecycle. Recurring challenges include model accuracy and uncertainty management, data quality and synchronization, multi-DT interoperability, and the absence of reusable reference frameworks. Reported advantages include efficiency improvement, enhanced system management and monitoring, improved assembly quality and reliability, and strengthened decision-making support. Conclusion: Although DTs offer clear benefits to space robotics, adoption is still emerging. Addressing existing challenges and investigating new application areas is essential for advancing their role in future space missions.
Rostamnia et al. (Fri,) studied this question.