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Abstract Evolution of initially smooth perturbations in a cold self-gravitating medium in a Friedmann Universe gives rise to the formation of singularities in the distribution of density in a manner similar to that of catastrophe theory. Using the approximate nonlinear theory of gravitational instability the objects formed were found to possess a very oblate shape–a “pancake” (Zeldovich, 1970). This result is shown in this paper to be a general feature of the evolution of so-called Lagrangian systems (Arnold, 1980). Pancakes are one of the several kinds of generic singularity formed at the nonlinear stage of evolution of such a system. Some of the others are a cusp, a beak-to-beak, a swailow-tail. In this paper we present the full list of singularities for the one- and two-dimensional cases (Figures 1-9). The three dimensional singularities will be discussed in Part II of the paper. We discuss the geometrical and some dynamical properties of each kind of singularity. We give also asymptotic laws for the growth of the density near each kind of singularity. This list of singularities gives the elements from which the large scale structure of the Universe is constructed.
Arnold et al. (Thu,) studied this question.