Weakened Topological Protection of the Quantum Hall Effect in a Cavity

We study the quantum Hall effect in a two-dimensional homogeneous electron gas coupled to a quantum cavity field. As initially pointed out by Kohn, Galilean invariance for a homogeneous quantum Hall system implies that the electronic center of mass (c.m.) decouples from the electron-electron interaction, and the energy of the c.m. mode, also known as Kohn mode, is equal to the single particle cyclotron transition. In this work, we point out that strong light-matter hybridization between the Kohn mode and the cavity photons gives rise to collective hybrid modes between the Landau levels and the photons. We provide the exact solution for the collective Landau polaritons and we demonstrate the weakening of topological protection at zero temperature due to the existence of the lower polariton mode which is softer than the Kohn mode. This provides an intrinsic mechanism for the recently observed topological breakdown of the quantum Hall effect in a cavity F. Appugliese et al., Breakdown of topological protection by cavity vacuum fields in the integer quantum Hall effect, Science 375, 1030 (2022).. Importantly, our theory predicts the cavity suppression of the thermal activation gap in the quantum Hall transport. Our work paves the way for future developments in cavity control of quantum materials.