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The paper addresses a macroscopic simulation investigation of the performance of feedback local ramp-metering controller ALINEA and its PI (Proportional-Integral) extension for freeway stretches with a bottleneck at a distant location downstream of the metered on-ramp. The investigation indicates that the ALINEA ramp metering performance deteriorates in the distant downstream bottleneck case, while a significant improvement may be obtained by addition of a proportional term and by specification of suitable parameter values of the controller
Wang et al. (Sun,) studied this question.