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Graphics is one of the major energy drain sources in smartphone apps. To optimize the app graphics energy, however, developers face the challenge of highly complex graphics rendering process, which involves multiple system layers including the app, the framework, the GPU, and the asynchronous interactions among them. Current diagnostic tools can profile the resource usage from certain layers, but fall short in stitching together profiling information across all the layers which is needed to provide developers with the visual effect-energy tradeoff at the app source-code level.
Ding et al. (2017) studied this question.