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namely, Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) and Employees State Insurance Scheme (ESIS) are available for working people. Employer-based schemes are offered by public sector organizations such as railways, defence and security forces, mining sectors, and so on by offering medical services and benefits to the employee and his/her dependent family. Private insurance companies offer medical care insurance through individual subscriptions. For those who worked in the informal sector, community-based schemes and government sponsored subsidised schemes are offered. Some NGOs also offer community-based health insurance or micro-insurance schemes. In 2008, the Government of India launched the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY -meaning National Health Insurance Scheme) for below the poverty line families. Some of the abovementioned schemes are briefly described here. CGHS is a mandatory scheme for the central government employees and their dependents and covers all sorts of health-related problems. It provides basic medical services to its beneficiaries through its clinics and dispensaries, and the beneficiaries can access services from the empanelled private hospitals. ESIS, one of the oldest health insurance schemes in India, aims to provide social security for the low-paid workers in the industries and service establishments such as shops, hotels, cinema halls, and so on. Both schemes are contributed by the premiums according to the employee's payroll, and the other contributors are the employers, central and state governments. In case of ESIS and CGHS, certain expenditures by the beneficiaries for getting healthcare are reimbursed. As a great proportion of the Indian poor workers is in the informal sector, without any social protection, the government of India launched RSBY. The objective of RSBY is to provide financial protection to reduce catastrophic healthcare expenditures/financial liabilities arising out of health shocks that involve hospitalization. A list of illnesses that do not require hospitalization were also covered. Beneficiaries under RSBY are entitled to get healthcare coverage up to Indian Rupees (INR) 30, 000 (INR 1 = US 0. 02). They can also access services from any empanelled private hospital, and it is a cashless transfer scheme. Preexisting conditions are covered,
Kusuma et al. (Mon,) studied this question.