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The working principles and design equations of four different isolated, bi-directional DC to DC converter topologies (a dual active bridge converter, a series resonant converter and two multiple stage topologies) for a 2 kW bi-directional battery charger that can be operated in a wide input and output voltage range are presented in this paper. The results of a detailed mathematical analysis of the converter topologies as well as digital simulation results are used to select the most efficient topology for this specific converter application, where the two-stage series resonant converter is identified to be the most promising, with up to 90% efficiency at rated power.
Krismer et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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