Development of an IoT-enabled smart plug for intelligent energy monitoring in household appliances

The rising demand for sustainable energy consumption has intensified the need for intelligent residential energy monitoring systems. This paper presents the design and implementation of an Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled smart plug aimed at real-time monitoring and control of household appliances. The system integrates a high-performance ESP-12 F microcontroller, precision voltage (ZMPT101B) and current (CT-406) sensors, and a high-resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADS1115) for accurate data acquisition. Data is processed and visualized through a responsive web-based monitoring platform (locally hosted and cloud-deployable), enabling users to monitor consumption patterns and remotely control connected appliances. Experimental results indicate a voltage measurement accuracy of 99.48% and current accuracy of 90.52%, demonstrating the system’s reliability and effectiveness. The developed IoT-enabled smart plug provides a scalable and cost-effective solution for intelligent energy management in residential environments, with significant potential to support broader smart grid and energy conservation initiatives.