Abstract This paper examines the impact and interplay of news media and social media network sites on the contemporary political revolutions and crises that have been unfolding in North Africa and the Middle East. Known as the ‘Arab Spring’, these began in Tunisia, in February 2011, and spread to Egypt, Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Libya and Syria. In spite of concerns expressed by professional journalists drawn from the conventional media at the rise of citizen journalism since the 1990s, the middle-class citizens and the intellectual groups that pioneered the crusade for governmental change in the region resorted to social media networks, in collaboration with the traditional media, to ‘legitimise’ the people’s protests and civic resistance by citizens against their governments. The citizen journalists, who were part of the mass protest, used both old and new media to reveal incidences of human rights abuses and crimes against humanity committed by respective governments during the revolutions. Having reviewed the media reports on the revolutions, together with the opinions of experts on Middle East studiesi, it is clear that: the abuse of human rights; corruption among public officials; and, the high rate of unemployment in the region were the three main factors that ignited civil disobedience across the Arab World in 2011. Nevertheless, the citizen journalism that facilitated these revolutions remains a novelty in many developing nations, including Nigeria. Key Words: Citizen Journalism, New media, Middle East crisis, the Internet, Elections and Democracy JCMRJournal of Communication and Media Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, October 2012, 101 – 117. © Delmas Communications Ltd. About the authors 1Prof. Robert Charles Hudson, Ph.D is Professor of History and Cultural Politics at the University of Derby and Director, Identity, Conflict and Representation Research Centre, University of Derby, United Kingdom. **Godwin Ehiarekhian Oboh is a member of the Identity, Conflict and Representation Research Centre, and of the Department of Media Studies, University of Derby, England, United Kingdom. He is also a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria. Full Article Words: 8,847; Pages: 18 i The origins of this paper may be found in a discussion panel on the Middle East Crisis, held at the University of Derby in April 2011, accompanied by an interview on BBC Radio Derby.
Oboh et al. (Sun,) studied this question.