Revision Note (v3): We further separate the inertial mimetic sector _ from the geometric structural acceleration term ₆₄₎, allowing the perturbation-level growth and ISW sector to be tested independently. Revision Note (v2): This version introduces a conceptual parallel in the introductory section, connecting the macroscopic structural-time postulate of TFT with recent empirical observations of the space-time limit in quantum mechanics (attosecond STM electron dynamics). The core mathematical framework and the stricter constraint-level formulation remain unchanged. Abstract: Structural Time Flow Theory (TFT) is formulated as a conditional and testable proposal in which time is treated as a structural component of spacetime rather than as a passive external parameter. This manuscript refines the minimal low-curvature background sector by placing the structural correction in the Friedmann constraint, not in a separately conserved phenomenological sector or renamed ΛCDM component. Preserving ordinary matter conservation then determines the corresponding Raychaudhuri equation. The mimetic multiplier sector is retained as a pressureless structural component, _=2, and is interpreted as the structural pressureless/inertial mimetic mode of the homogeneous branch. In flat normalization, 1 = ₁ + _ + ₄₅₅ (H₀), so ₁ 0. 05 and _ 0. 25 imply ₄₅₅ (H₀) 0. 70. Current Pantheon+ SN Ia and DESI BAO calibration gives an unresolved two-parameter background compression = 0. 841 0. 022 and H₀ = 68. 94 0. 22 km s^-1Mpc^-1, which must be rerun with _ separated before being interpreted as the geometric coefficient. The ISW cross-power with deep tracers such as NVSS, computed with the growth exponent, is also discussed.
Matheus wilker magalhães Almeida (2026) studied this question.