Abstract The oil and gas industry faces significant logistical inefficiencies, transparency gaps, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities, necessitating innovative solutions. This study explores the potential of blockchain technology and smart contracts to optimize logistics and enhance security in the sector. The research addresses key challenges such as supply chain inefficiencies, manual processes, and cyber threats, which hinder operational efficiency and trust among stakeholders. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines qualitative insights from 42 industry expert interviews with quantitative analysis of 18 real-world blockchain implementations. Data were collected from case studies, operational metrics, and technical performance tests to evaluate blockchain's impact across upstream, midstream, and downstream operations. Results demonstrate that blockchain significantly improves efficiency, with midstream applications achieving a 72% adoption rate, 65% fewer disputes, and 80% lower invoice costs. Cybersecurity enhancements include an 82% reduction in data breaches and 87% fewer unauthorized access incidents. Financial analysis reveals a compelling ROI, with an average payback period of 7. 2 months and annual savings of up to 4. 6 million in midstream operations. However, challenges such as latency issues and legacy system integration persist. The study concludes that blockchain offers transformative potential for the oil and gas industry, particularly in automating processes and securing critical infrastructure. Strategic recommendations include phased implementation, cross-functional collaboration, and regulatory alignment to maximize benefits. This research contributes actionable insights for industry practitioners and policymakers, highlighting blockchain as a key enabler of sustainable and resilient operations.
Okoh et al. (Mon,) studied this question.