Electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructures raise significant concerns about data security and user privacy because traditional centralized authorization and billing frameworks expose sensitive information to breaches and profiling. To address these vulnerabilities, we propose a novel decentralized framework that couples a permissioned blockchain with fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). Unlike prior blockchain-only or blockchain-and-machine-learning solutions, our architecture performs all authorization and billing computations on encrypted data and records transactions immutably via smart contracts. We implemented the system on Hyperledger Fabric using the CKKS-based TenSEAL library, chosen for its efficient arithmetic on real-valued vectors, and show that homomorphic operations are executed off-chain within a secure computation layer while smart contracts handle only encrypted records. In a simulation involving 20 charging stations and up to 100 concurrent users, the proposed system achieved an average authorization latency of 610 ms, a billing computation latency of 310 ms, and transaction throughput of 102 Tx min while maintaining energy overhead below 0.14 kWh day per station. When compared to state-of-the-art blockchain-only approaches, our method reduces data exposure by 100%, increases privacy from “moderate” to “very high,” and achieves similar throughput with acceptable computational overhead. These results demonstrate that privacy-preserving EV charging is practical using present-day cryptography, paving the way for secure, scalable EV charging and billing services.
Aldweesh et al. (Sun,) studied this question.