Security and Hybrid Threats

Objectives The article aims to explore the evolving nature of hybrid threats, with particular focus on non-kinetic operations conducted during formal peace. It investigates how attacks on critical infrastructure and psychological operations shape contemporary security environments and assesses the vulnerability of democratic societies to disinformation and manipulation. Methods The study employs a qualitative approach based on literature review, behavioural analysis of societal responses to hybrid operations, and polemological case studies. Empirical references include documented Russian Federation activities, such as the annexation of Crimea, GPS signal disruption in the Baltic region, and coordinated disinformation campaigns in Central Europe. Results The analysis confirms that hybrid threats are increasingly central to modern conflict strategies. These operations blend informational, cognitive, and infrastructural dimensions, often exploiting internal social divisions and trust deficits. The study highlights the critical role of cognitive warfare in shaping perception and decision-making, thereby limiting state responsiveness. Conclusions Hybrid actions are dynamic and tailored to specific vulnerabilities of targeted states. There is no universal model for resilience; effective countermeasures require context-specific diagnosis, public awareness, and intersectoral coordination. Without strategic adaptation, hybrid threats may undermine national cohesion and security without formal declaration of war. Therefore, strengthening cognitive resilience and strategic communication capabilities should be considered a critical element of national security planning.