The surging global energy demand and the environmental safety issues of fossil fuels have highlighted the importance of hydrogen energy as a clean energy carrier. The contrasts among gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrogen storage techniques are examined in this article along with a systematic analysis of hydrogen energy storage and usage systems,and discuss the advantages, disadvantages and application status of hydrogen fuel cells and engines.Despite having a low bulk density, research indicates that gaseous hydrogen storage technology is mature.Liquid hydrogen storage has a high density but consumes a lot of energy and relies on catalysts. Solid-state hydrogen storage has excellent safety, but its cycle efficiency and cost are limited.In the utilization of hydrogen energy, although fuel cells and engines have zero emissions, they are still constrained by high costs and insufficient infrastructure. This study emphasizes the need to break through material bottlenecks, optimize storage and transportation technologies, and promote the synergy between policies and the industrial chain. In the future, efforts should be focused on the coupling of renewable energy with hydrogen storage, intelligent networks and international cooperation to expedite hydrogen energy's fundamental role in the carbon neutrality process.
Y. Tian (Tue,) studied this question.
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