Biosensors are analytical instruments that combine biological recognition components with transducers to identify and measure analytes, vital in medical diagnostics, environmental surveillance, and industrial uses. This review examines advancements in biosensor technology, emphasizing their classification according to detection mechanisms, such as electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal sensors. Biosensors are extensively utilized in the medical domain for glucose monitoring in diabetic individuals, early cancer detection via biomarker analysis, and swift identification of pathogens in infectious diseases. The biosensors are crucial in monitoring endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and evaluating environmental pollutants. Recent advancements encompass the incorporation of wireless monitoring systems, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology, markedly improving biosensor sensitivity, specificity, and real-time data processing capabilities. Miniaturized biosensors and wearable devices have transformed personalized medicine by facilitating continuous health monitoring. The innovations in enzyme-based biosensors, DNA biosensors, and immunosensors broadened their utility in disease diagnosis and pharmacological research. Issues such as stability, reproducibility, and biocompatibility continue to be pivotal domains of investigation. The future of biosensors is characterized by intelligent, multiplexed, and highly portable devices featuring enhanced real-time analytical capabilities. As biosensor technology advances, its significance in medicine and industry will increase, providing swift, economical, and precise detection instruments for various applications.
Ahmed et al. (Tue,) studied this question.