This paper explores American satire during periods of restricted speech and heightened ideological divides, arguing that permissible satirical content is significantly limited in such times. Consequently, material that might otherwise be perceived as simply highlighting social or political flaws has instead resulted in legal repercussions and imprisonment for authors and artists. The paper examines examples from the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, the Espionage and Sedition Acts of World War I, and the anti-communist fervor of McCarthyism during the Cold War. For each period, case studies illustrate the political climate, its impact on satirical expression, and the repercussions faced by satirists accused of crossing legal or societal boundaries. This analysis deepens our understanding of the historical relationship between freedom of speech and satire in America and its potential implications for the future.
Maxcy et al. (Sat,) studied this question.