Modeling opinion polarization: can we control public discourse?

Introduction Public opinion dynamics shape societal discourse, with engagement levels influencing the balance between polarization and depolarization. Methods We present a compartmental model inspired by epidemiology to analyze opinion dissemination under external interventions. The model categorizes individuals into susceptible, exposed, positive, negative, and mixed-emotion communicators, with a time-dependent step function u(t) modeling controlled engagement surges during a finite intervention period. Results Our analysis focuses specifically on the effects of temporary interventions rather than long-term system evolution. The results highlight engagement as a key control mechanism in shaping ideological stability. Discussion Real-world interventions, such as government-imposed access restrictions, demonstrate how targeted engagement shifts influence public discourse. This study provides a mathematical framework for understanding how external interventions drive opinion evolution and offers insights into managing polarization in digital and social environments.