This paper is a critical analysis of the existing gender differences and infrastructural challenges that women athletes are facing in Pakistan. Based on the Radical theory (Feminism), Marxist Feminism, and Social Constructivism, the study surveys the scope by which the norms of patriarchy, institutional disregard, economic alienation, and a biased representation of women in the media limit female access and achievement in sports. It is based on a qualitative, explorative design, as semi-structured interviews were applied to speak with women in sports of various profiles, with sports reporters and representatives of institutions involved. Thematic analysis led to the identification of deep-seated socio-cultural resistance, lacking gender sensitive policies. Gender inequalities are experienced in terms of funding and structures, inequality within the infrastructural constraints, and symbolic expression in the media narratives. Nonetheless, several athletes have shown to be resilient by using grass-roots movements and online platforms to build visibility and power. The authors of the paper believe that an equitable sporting environment can be established through the practice of gender-responsive budgeting, infrastructure investment, media changes, and structural reforms in the governance of sports. Results become a piece of feminist work in the field of sport and provide policy prescriptions that can be implemented according to the global gender equality guidelines.
Mushtaq et al. (Wed,) studied this question.