Revisiting the Outer Space Treaty in the Age of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Debris Removal Systems

The Outer Space Treaty (OST), established in 1967, serves as the cornerstone of international space law, setting broad guidelines for the responsible exploration and use of outer space. However, as space activities evolve, particularly with the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and autonomous debris removal technologies, the current legal framework is facing significant challenges. While the OST addresses some fundamental aspects of space exploration and liability, it lacks the specificity and adaptability required to regulate new technologies in space, such as AI-driven systems designed to address the mounting issue of space debris. The growing proliferation of satellites, particularly small satellites like CubeSats, has exacerbated the space debris problem, with debris colliding into operational spacecraft posing severe risks to both space infrastructure and Earth’s environment. This paper revisits the OST in light of these technological advancements, analyzing how its general provisions need to be updated to incorporate AI and autonomous systems. It further explores potential amendments or new legal instruments that could provide a comprehensive regulatory framework for debris removal, focusing on accountability, liability, and international cooperation. The paper calls for international consensus on defining legal norms for AI-driven debris removal systems and ensuring their integration into space law, so as to safeguard the sustainability of space activities while balancing technological progress with environmental responsibility.