Masculinity and memory loss: a qualitative study of the social stigma of dementia among Nigerian men

Research on dementia in Nigeria has largely overlooked how gender norms shape older men's experiences. This study explored how cultural expectations of masculinity, emphasizing strength, independence, and authority, influence stigma, identity, and help-seeking among older Nigerian men with dementia. A qualitative study was conducted using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 19 men aged 60 and above receiving care for dementia related symptoms at two outpatient clinics in Ilorin, Kwara State. Data were analyzed thematically using grounded theory techniques. Three themes emerged: Masculinity under threat, Stigma, silence, and social withdrawal, and Negotiating help seeking in a gendered context. Memory loss was perceived not only as cognitive decline but also as a threat to men's roles as household heads and decision makers. Participants described feelings of emasculation when reliant on others. Stigma led to concealment of symptoms and delayed help-seeking, with frequent reliance on spiritual remedies. Formal care was often pursued under family pressure, though some men reframed seeking care as fulfilling masculine duties. Findings show that masculinity shapes dementia experiences in Nigeria, influencing stigma, identity, and access to care. Gender-sensitive, culturally grounded interventions are needed to promote earlier diagnosis and support.