Background: The co-existence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) presents a critical global health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. TB remains the leading opportunistic infection and primary cause of mortality among individuals living with HIV. Immunosuppression caused by HIV increases susceptibility to TB, while behavioral and structural barriers hinder timely diagnosis, adherence, and care. Addressing this dual epidemic requires a comprehensive understanding of its determinants within vulnerable populations. Objective: To determine the prevalence of TB among HIV-positive patients and evaluate the demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors contributing to TB co-infection. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at General Hospital Lahore over a four-month period. A total of 60 confirmed HIV-positive individuals aged ≥20 years were selected through non-probability convenience sampling. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and review of clinical records, focusing on ART status, CD4 count, viral load, substance use, nutritional status (BMI), TB history, diagnostic method, and healthcare access. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: TB prevalence among participants was 83.3% (n=50), with 58.3% (n=35) having extra-pulmonary TB. Only 40% (n=24) completed TB treatment. CD4 counts were <200 cells/mm³ in 45% (n=27), and 58.3% had unsuppressed viral loads. Substance use was reported by 66.7% (n=40), while 41.7% (n=25) were smokers and 48.3% (n=29) consumed alcohol. Mean BMI was 18.4 ± 1.05, and 78.3% (n=47) had difficulty accessing healthcare. Additionally, 75% (n=45) had a household TB contact, and 71.7% (n=43) had other opportunistic infections. Conclusion: The findings highlight a high burden of HIV-TB co-infection, compounded by behavioral risks, poor treatment adherence, and limited healthcare access. Integrated, patient-centered strategies addressing both medical and social determinants are urgently needed to improve outcomes in this population.
Rashid et al. (Fri,) studied this question.