This book collects papers selected from the 2025 3rd International Conference on Portfolios, Economy and Enterprise Reform (PEER 2025), which was successfully held in Kobe, Japan from April 12-13, 2025. PEER 2025 welcomes researchers, experts, economist, and industry professionals to an open forum where advances in the fields of portfolios, risk management, financial security, regional economic, marketing, business management, and enterprise reform can be shared and examined. The conference is an ideal platform for keeping up with advances and changes to a consistently morphing field. Leading researchers and industry experts from around the globe will be presenting the latest studies through papers and oral presentations. PEER 2025 invites scholars and researchers all over the world to discuss the state-of-the-art and the development of the financial technology. The conference set up a variety of activities such as general report, session report, poster exchanging, technical exhibition and technological innovation contest. This conference provided delegates with a good opportunity to exchange new ideas, establish research and/or business contacts, and establish potential partnerships for global partnerships. With best regards, Organizing Committees of PEER Kobe, Japan
Priestley et al. (Sat,) studied this question.