Modern Approaches to the Valuation and Application of Options in the Stock Market: Tools, Models, and Behavioral Aspects

The article examines modern approaches to the valuation and application of options as derivative financial instruments. It analyzes key pricing models, including the Black–Scholes model, the binomial model, and the Monte Carlo method. The role of market makers in maintaining liquidity and the impact of informational events on volatility are discussed. The study also explores retail investor behavior and typical option strategies, with emphasis on risk profiles and the use of sensitivity parameters («Greeks»).