The phases that form in powder particles when they are made affect the behaviour of the particles and can affect the properties of components made from that powder. Gas atomised powders undergo extreme cooling and the liquid-to-solid transformation if highly non-equilibrium, so conventional thermodynamic modelling is insufficient. It is possible to predict the phases that form using a combination of thermodynamic and physical modelling. This study presents such a model that retrieves thermodynamic data as a function of the instantaneous conditions at each timestep in the model and uses a stochastic condition for nucleation, reflecting reality. The new model is consistent with published models and expectations. Nucleation is predicted to occur over only a range in for a steel cooled in argon. This was due to the rapid rise in expected nucleation rate in a narrow temperature range. The model may be used to optimise powder processing.
Hulme-Smith et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: