This article investigates Indonesia's shift from military rule to democracy and compares this shift to Pakistan's experience. It studies the historical, political, and social factors shaping military-civilian relations in both countries, with recommendation pertaining to Pakistan's democratic strengthening. The article focuses on military involvement in politics, and looks at ethical leadership roles in democratic transitions, civilian sovereignty efforts, and limits on military power. It identifies key factors in civilian–military interactions and democratic consolidation, exploring institutional processes to reduce military intervention, such as constitution-making and electoral reforms. The article highlights civil–military interaction, trust-building, and professional military ethics as crucial factors for limiting military interference. It concludes that Pakistan should restrict military-political involvement and enhance democratic institutions. Recommendations include strong civilian leadership, inclusive governance, civil–military cooperation, military ethics, and transparency.
Younus et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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