Small-vessel detection in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery constitutes a critical capability for maritime surveillance systems. However, prevailing methodologies such as sea-clutter statistical models and deep learning-based detectors face three fundamental limitations: weak target scattering signatures, complex sea clutter interference, and computational inefficiency. These challenges create inherent trade-offs between noise suppression and feature preservation while hindering high-resolution representation learning. To address these constraints, we propose the Multi-cue Efficient Maritime detector (MCEM), an anchor-free framework integrating three synergistic components: a Feature Extraction Module (FEM) with scale-adaptive convolutions for enhanced signature representation; a Feature Fusion Module (F2M) decoupling target-background ambiguities; and a Detection Head Module (DHM) optimizing accuracy-efficiency balance. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate MCEM’s state-of-the-art performance: achieving 45.1% APS on HRSID (+2.3pp over YOLOv8) and 77.7% APL on SSDD (+13.9pp over same baseline), the world’s most challenging high-clutter SAR datasets. The framework enables robust maritime surveillance in complex oceanic conditions, particularly excelling in small target detection amidst high clutter.
Chen et al. (Sun,) studied this question.