The paper proposes quantitative indicators for assessing the effectiveness of innovations at different hierarchical levels of the economic system: the degree of innovative efficiency of the firm; the degree of innovative efficiency of the economic sector, the degree of innovative efficiency of the economy as a whole. Within the framework of these indicators, technical (technological) and economic (price) efficiency are combined in one indicator, which increases the unambiguity and efficiency of innovation assessments. At the same time, it is proposed to assess the effectiveness of innovations at the micro level in two stages: 1) at the first stage, it is necessary to determine: which of the possible production technologies is the most efficient; and 2) at the second stage, we will determine: is the most effective technology an innovation. Using these indicators, the author proposes a methodology for defining the "points of economic growth of the economy", i.e. the identification of economic sectors, investment in which will increase the innovative efficiency of the whole economy allowing the regulators to affect the business cycle configuration. At the same time, it is also proposed to assess the effectiveness of innovations at the macro level in two stages: At the first stage, the dynamics of specific long-term exergy costs (LAC) for each sector of the economy is monitored, and the values of this indicator for different periods of time are compared in order to determine the most efficient production technologies at the level of the economic sector. At the second stage, having data on the most efficient production technologies at the firm level, it is estimated how much the country's innovation efficiency index will change if you invest in this sector to reduce sector costs to the level of the most efficient firm. The paper also calculates specific long-term exergy costs for the main sectors of the US and Ukrainian economies as a database for calculating the specified quantitative indicators for assessing the effectiveness of innovations. The way of using the methods for defining innovation efficiency both at the micro and macro levels is demonstrated on the example of the economies of the USA and Ukraine. The author gives examples of comparative analysis for these economies based on the methods proposed here for quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of innovations. Within the framework of these methods, it becomes possible to get rid of the main shortcomings of the existing methods of their assessment, identified in the first (methodological) part of this work.
Oleksandr Bandura (Sat,) studied this question.