The relevance of the work lies in the fact that regional elections in Spain are representative for identifying threats of separatism in multiethnic countries, factors of citizens’ political positions, and reasons for the growing influence of populist parties. The parameters of electoral systems and the institutional structure of power that allow for voting manipulation are revealed. The novelty of the article is that the 2024 regional elections in Gali-cia, the Basque Country and Catalonia are being compared for the first time. The factors and features of elec-toral behavior in the 2024 regional elections have been identified: economic (changes in the gross regional product per capita, unemployment and immigration), social (ethnic and linguistic dynamics of the population structure, income level of residents), political and institutional (type of electoral system and model of separation of powers, changes in regional party systems), sociocultural (the ratio of national and ethnic identities, the most significant issues for public opinion). In all the communities compared, two divisions of electoral competition are most important: ideological (“left – right”) and identitarian (supporters of the unity of Spain or secessionists). In all the compared communities, two demarcations of electoral competition are most important: ideological (“left – right”) and identitarian (supporters of the state unity of Spain or secessionists). The 2024 elections re-vealed contradictory trends in electoral behavior. In Galicia, the balance of power between the right and left parties is stable, but within the left segment, the influence of the Galician Nationalist Bloc is growing at the ex-pense of the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) and Sumar. In the Basque Country, the secessionist forces remain dominant, but there has been a shift in voter sympathies in favour of left-wing parties, with the Bildu coalition winning. In Catalonia, for the first time in 20 years, the secessionist parties have suffered a de-feat, and the government has been formed by the PSOE in coalition with the left-wing Republicans. Within the secessionist segment, the influence of right-wing parties (Junts and the Catalan Alliance) has increased.
A. V. Baranov (Wed,) studied this question.