Biology, Damage, and Integrated Control Strategies for Major Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

This review examines the considerable impact of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) on global agriculture and explores sustainable strategies for managing their detrimental effects. PPNs, including species like Meloidogyne, Globodera and Pratylenchus, contribute to significant crop losses each year by attacking plant roots and disrupting nutrient uptake. While traditional chemical nematicides are effective, their environmental risks have led to growing interest in integrated pest management approaches. These strategies encompass the use of biocontrol agents, crop rotation, alternative nematicides and the development of nematode-resistant crops. Advances in biotechnology, such as genome editing and nanonematicides present new opportunities for more targeted nematode control with reduced chemical input. Additionally, innovations in diagnostic tools, such as PCR and remote sensing technologies allow for the efficient detection and quantification of nematodes in the field. However, the widespread adoption of these sustainable practices faces economic challenges particularly in the Global South, where high initial costs and delayed returns hinder implementation. To address these obstacles, collaboration among researchers, farmers, and policymakers is essential to ensure equitable access to advanced nematode management strategies. Ongoing research into new nematicidal compounds and improved methods is crucial for promoting sustainable agriculture and maintaining food security in the face of escalating PPN-related threats.