The average mechanical power output (AMPO) during a stretch-shortening cycle produced by a muscle depends on muscle length and stimulation over time. While the effects of cycle frequency and muscle length excursion on AMPO are well-known, several questions remain about the effects of muscle length and stimulation over time on the maximal attainable AMPO. For example, which precise muscle length and stimulation over time yield maximal AMPO? In situ experiments are inherently limited to a finite set of muscle length and stimulation over time. To overcome this limitation, we combined in situ experiments on rat m. gastrocnemius medialis with Hill-type muscle modelling. We first performed dedicated trials to estimate the muscle-tendon-complex (MTC) properties of each rat. Subsequently, we performed various stretch-shortening cycles with substantial differences in cycle frequency, shortening-to-lengthening time ratio and MTC length excursion. Model-predicted AMPO correlated nearly perfect with experimentally measured AMPO (r 2 > 0.98). This justified further exploration using the Hill-type MTC model. Using the Hill-type MTC model, we predicted that AMPO peaks at a cycle frequency of 3.5 Hz, with a shortening-to-lengthening time ratio of 6:1 and an MTC length excursion of 8 mm. Notably, cycle frequency and MTC length excursion showed a strong interaction: increasing one necessitated a decrease in the other to maximise AMPO. By contrast, the optimal shortening-to-lengthening time ratio remained remarkably constant across all tested combinations of cycle frequency and MTC length excursion. This shows that muscles should spend substantially more time shortening than lengthening to maximise AMPO.
Reuvers et al. (Mon,) studied this question.