Development of Numeracy Problems Based on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) to Measure Critical Thinking Ability

One of the 21st-century skills that students must possess is critical thinking. An instrument is needed to assess the level of success in developing students' critical thinking abilities. The contribution of this research is the development of numeracy problems based on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) that can measure students' critical thinking abilities. This research is quantitative, with analysis using Ministep software and involving 75 students as research subjects. Numeracy problems were developed using the 3-D model with the stages of define, design, and develop. The results of this study indicate that the 15 developed numeracy problems are valid as they meet at least one criterion of validity and reliability, with an item reliability value of 0.96. This suggests that the instrument can effectively measure critical thinking skills, cover a diverse range of difficulty levels, and ensure that the formulated questions are suitable for measuring and assessing various student abilities. These results indicate that the ESD-based numeracy problems developed can be used as reference material in similar research or studies related to the analysis of students' critical thinking abilities in solving ESD-based numeracy problems.