Serein: A parallel pipeline‐based DAG schema for consensus in blockchain

Abstract As the core technology of blockchain, consensus mechanisms play a crucial role in ensuring the consistency and reliability of blockchain systems. In a decentralized and open system environment like blockchain, traditional consensus algorithms are often unsuitable due to their inability to tolerate arbitrary faults such as malicious node behaviour. Consequently, Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithms have become a focal point in blockchain systems. However, as Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithms have evolved, they still face significant challenges, particularly in addressing issues related to network latency and throughput. This paper proposes a parallel pipeline‐based DAG schema for consensus in blockchain, Serein. Firstly, the Serein algorithm achieves functional partitioning of nodes, enhancing their scalability. Secondly, it employs a pipeline structure, allowing each block to proceed without waiting for the previous block's result, thereby reducing block generation latency. Lastly, the Serein algorithm leverages the advantages of the DAG block structure to achieve concurrent block ordering and submission, improving system throughput. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed Serein algorithm maintains robust performance under conditions of high transaction volume with multiple nodes, effectively enhancing consensus efficiency while ensuring Byzantine fault‐tolerant security.