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Photovoltaic (PV) systems are prone to various faults, including short-circuit, open-circuit, partial shading, and inverter bypass diode issues, which reduce power output and can damage components. This study presents an innovative fault detection and online monitoring technique for grid-connected PV (GCPV) systems, combining Internet of Things (IoT) technology with a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) deep learning approach. The method involves developing a temperature-dependent PV system model using series resistance and ideality factor, capturing real-time data from a 15kWp GCPV system with optimally placed sensors to minimize sensor count while maintaining data accuracy, and validating the model through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and real-time experiments under various fault scenarios. The collected data is used to train the 1D-CNN model to classify different fault types. The model is then implemented on an IoT platform for real-time monitoring and fault detection, displaying system status and alerts via a dashboard. The proposed system achieves a high fault detection accuracy of 98.15 % and 93.12 % during cyberattacks, with an uncertainty of ±4 %, significantly enhancing fault detection reliability and efficiency compared to existing methods. The IoT dashboard provides an effective tool for monitoring system performance and issuing alerts under abnormal conditions.
Aljafari et al. (Sun,) studied this question.