Biomimetic Airfoil Optimization to Supplement Flight Efficiency in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Purpose: This study aims to enhance the performance of wing-based unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by incorporating avian-inspired features into the airfoil and air profile designs. Traditional UAVs with fixed high-aspect-ratio airfoils face limitations in adaptability and efficiency, particularly in dynamic flight conditions with high Reynolds numbers. These limitations include inefficient lift generation, rapid fuel depletion during transitions, premature stalling during altitude changes, and maneuvering vulnerabilities. Methodology: The study involves an in-depth analysis of avian exoskeletons, features, and supracoracoideus muscles to identify and adapt specific biomimetic features. These features were modeled using computer-aided design (CAD) software, resulting in a design that includes feathered wing modules as vortex dividers and a novel morphing airfoil system with servo and rotary systems. The performance of these biomimetic designs was evaluated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, wind tunnel testing, and mathematical modeling, focusing on their impact in subsonic, critical environments with Reynolds numbers ranging from 50,000 to 500,000. Findings: Integrating avian-inspired features into UAV airfoils resulted in a synergistic improvement in aerodynamic performance. The study's simulations and tests indicate a 19.4% overall enhancement in flight efficiency, demonstrating the theoretical feasibility of these biomimetic designs in improving UAV performance under dynamic conditions. This research introduces innovative biomimetic design principles to UAV technology, providing several key advantages over traditional designs. The proposed models significantly reduce shearing stress, minimizing material wear and degradation over time. Additionally, these designs can be more automated, offering greater adaptability for the airfoil itself. This adaptability allows for enhanced performance across various flight conditions, reducing maintenance needs and increasing the operational lifespan of UAVs. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The findings offer valuable insights for future UAV designs, potentially influencing policy and regulations related to UAV performance standards and energy efficiency.