AB042. Combined anti-PD-L1 and anti-VEGFR2 therapy promotes the antitumor immune response in glioblastoma multiforme by reprogramming tumor microenvironment

Inhibitors of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) are commonly used in the clinic, but they are beneficial for only a minority of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. GBM has significant immunosuppressive properties, and there are many immunosuppressive cells and dysfunctional effector T-cell in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is one of the important reasons for the failure of clinical treatment of GBM. P21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is a threonine protein kinase, and as a pivotal immune suppressor in the TME. PAK4 knockdown attenuates vascular abnormalities and promotes T-cell infiltration.