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The current widespread support of decarbonization and green energy has led to a notable increase in the incorporation of clean energy sources (CESs) in microgrids (MGs). CESs are intermittent, and if they become more widely used in MG, managing uncertainty will become more difficult. This is true even with the environmental and financial advantages of CESs. In this paper, the operation of a DC/AC MG, which integrates solar photovoltaics (PVs), wind farms, fuel cells (FCs), and battery chargers (BCs), is investigated and analyzed under uncertain conditions. The MG’s main energy source is thought to be the PV, while the FC and BC assist in maintaining the MG’s stability. A variable AC load and an electric vehicle charging system are fed by the MG. Two control system approaches have been designed and evaluated. The first is a new design of fuzzy logic controller (FLC), which is provided and applied to provide an adequate energy management system (EMS) for the investigated MG considering uncertainties of CESs. Moreover, JAYA-based optimal control has been developed. The proposed EMS is utilized to adapt the fuel consumption for the FC and the charging concept of Li-ions and to provide a constant load bus voltage. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested technique, the proposed novel design of FLC and JAYA-based controllers’ performance is tested under partial shadowing of the PV with abrupt load fluctuations of 25% and contrasted with the PI controller methodology, where it is designed using the Ziglar Nicolas technique. The obtained findings show how the suggested control technique improves the system and the MG’s dynamic performance. A MATLAB simulation is carried out, and the outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the suggested strategy in managing uncertainty.
Kamel et al. (Sat,) studied this question.