A survey on dynamic populations in bio-inspired algorithms

Abstract Population-Based Bio-Inspired Algorithms (PBBIAs) are computational methods that simulate natural biological processes, such as evolution or social behaviors, to solve optimization problems. Traditionally, PBBIAs use a population of static size, set beforehand through a specific parameter. Nevertheless, for several decades now, the idea of employing populations of dynamic size, capable of adjusting during the course of a single run, has gained ground. Various methods have been introduced, ranging from simpler ones that use a predefined function to determine the population size variation, to more sophisticated methods where the population size in different phases of the evolutionary process depends on the dynamics of the evolution itself and events occurring within the population during the run. The common underlying idea in many of these approaches, is similar: to save a significant amount of computational effort in phases where the evolution is functioning well, and therefore a large population is not needed. This allows for reusing the previously saved computational effort when optimization becomes more challenging, and hence a greater computational effort is required. Numerous past contributions have demonstrated a notable advantage of using dynamically sized populations, often resulting in comparable results to those obtained by the standard PBBIAs but with a significant saving of computational effort. However, despite the numerous successes that have been presented, to date, there is still no comprehensive collection of past contributions on the use of dynamic populations that allows for their categorization and critical analysis. This article aims to bridge this gap by presenting a systematic literature review regarding the use of dynamic populations in PBBIAs, as well as identifying gaps in the research that can lead the path to future works.