Spatial Dimensions of Contemporary Energy Policies in Expanding Metropolitan Areas

The issue of energy occupies a significant position in contemporary policies aimed at achieving sustainable development goals. In order to achieve a sustainable future through the integration of social, economic, and environmental goals, energy policies seek to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, increase access to clean energy at affordable prices, and increase energy efficiency. It is therefore emphasised that energy policies are of critical importance even in determining how land will be used in expanding urban areas. In this context, energy policies in expanding cities and even metropolises have the potential to support sustainable development goals. Contemporary energy policies significantly affect the sustainability and energy efficiency of urban settlements. Factors that directly affect energy demand and use are included in land use decisions. Energy-efficient planning and policies recommend actions that take into account factors that influence energy demand in order to promote sustainable energy use in urban environments. This study examines the spatial characteristics of settlements on the Mediterranean coast at different scales and their inclusion in contemporary energy strategies. A classification is made using literature research, local policy and strategy reports of countries and cities at different scales, and research covering the energy-related studies of organisations. Although there are dominant settlement areas in countries bordering the Mediterranean, these cities can be characterised by factors such as energy needs and urbanisation since they are under common climatic conditions. The necessity for the adoption of regulatory energy efficiency legislation and national energy efficiency programmes in Mediterranean countries has been a prominent theme in recent scientific research and local policies. Increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption and emissions are frequently highlighted as key priorities in this region. Research conducted at the meso-micro level of energy policy emphasises the importance of user participation in evaluating optimisation results and suggests adaptable methodologies in various contexts. Ultimately, it can be concluded that energy policies in countries bordering the Mediterranean must include urban planning, the efficient use of renewable energy resources, environmental protection and social participation. The success of these policies should be shaped and implemented taking into account regional characteristics and local needs.