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This study investigated the influence of The aim of this research was to examine goal setting in volleyball serving performance, state anxiety, and self-efficacy among female athletes. Thirty female volleyball players from Lahore College for Women University and Lahore University of Management Sciences, aged 19 to 25, participated. They were divided into an experimental group, which received goal-setting instruction through seminars and lectures, and a control group, which received coaching on serving tactics and skills. Standardized questionnaires, including the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2), Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Serving Effort/Performance Questionnaire, and Goal Setting Questionnaire, were used for data collection. The findings revealed a significant increase in serving performance in the experimental group compared to the control group, indicating that the goal- setting intervention positively affected serving skills.
Akram et al. (Sun,) studied this question.