Income differentiation in Kazakhstan: an in-depth examination of its economic and social drivers

This study comprehensively identifies and quantitatively assesses the factors influencing income differentiation in Kazakhstan, demonstrating the multifaceted relationships between income inequality and various economic indicators. Utilizing quantitative research methodology, the investigation employs an Autoregressive Distributed Lag model to analyze the impact of GDP, real income, social aid, migration, and inflation on the Gini index of Kazakhstan from 2001 to 2022. Data was sourced from the Bureau of National Statistics, ensuring a robust and reliable foundation for the analysis. The investigation highlights the relevance of addressing income inequality in pursuing economic growth balanced with social justice, emphasizing global commitment to sustainable development goals. The results show that GDP growth and migration contribute to reducing income inequality, whereas increases in real income and, unexpectedly, social assistance are associated with higher inequality levels. Inflation's impact on income inequality was statistically insignificant, suggesting its effects may be ambiguous depending on other conditions. Overall, the findings advocate for developing multilevel strategies and policies aimed at reducing income inequality, encompassing economic measures, social investments, and improved labor market regulation to achieve more equitable and sustainable economic development in Kazakhstan.