Retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with Burkitt lymphoma treated in Tanzania following the implementation of the 2016 National Treatment Guidelines: Poor outcomes to current standard‐of‐care therapy

Abstract Background Despite the excellent outcomes achieved in the treatment of pediatric Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in high‐income countries (HICs), outcomes remain poor in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Efforts to improve BL outcomes in Tanzania included the creation of National Treatment Guidelines in 2016. However, disease outcomes in Tanzania following the creation of these guidelines have not been reported to date. Procedure Historical records from 2016 to 2021 for patients 0–18 years of age with a diagnosis of BL and seen at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC), in Mwanza, Tanzania, were curated into an electronic database and analyzed descriptively. Patients in this cohort were treated per the Tanzanian National Treatment Guidelines, which include six cycles of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and methotrexate (COM) chemotherapy with intrathecal methotrexate and cytarabine. Results In total, 92 BL patients’ records were eligible for analysis. Patients in this cohort were most commonly Murphy stage II (28%) or stage III (34%). Nearly all, 91%, met International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research (INCTR) high‐risk criteria at presentation. Forty‐two percent of patients did not receive a biopsy and were treated with a presumed diagnosis of BL alone. A 1‐year event‐free survival of 29.6% (95% confidence interval CI: 20.3%–39.5%) and a 1‐year overall survival of 38.5% (95% CI: 28%–48.9%) were observed. A high rate of treatment abandonment (34%) was also observed. Conclusion In a historical cohort of pediatric patients with BL treated per the 2016 Tanzanian National Treatment Guidelines, we observed poor outcomes and a high rate of abandonment. These outcomes appear inferior to those achieved in the INCTR clinical trial that informed the guidelines’ creation, and highlights the importance of “real‐world” outcomes data in LMICs. These data reinforce the idea that continued clinical research and capacity building efforts are necessary to improve BL outcomes in LMICs.