Frameworks for risk management to protect underground sources of drinking water during oil and gas extraction

Oil and gas extraction activities, including hydraulic fracturing and well stimulation, pose potential risks to underground sources of drinking water (USDWs). To safeguard these vital water resources, robust risk management frameworks are essential. This review explores existing frameworks for risk management aimed at protecting USDWs during oil and gas extraction, highlighting key components and strategies. Effective risk management begins with comprehensive assessment and understanding of potential hazards and vulnerabilities associated with oil and gas extraction activities. This involves identifying potential pathways for contamination, assessing the integrity of well casings and cementing, evaluating geologic formations and hydrogeological conditions, and considering the proximity of extraction operations to USDWs. Frameworks for risk management typically involve multiple components, including regulatory standards, best practices, monitoring and surveillance programs, and emergency response plans. Regulatory standards establish minimum requirements and guidelines for well construction, operation, and closure to prevent contamination of USDWs. Best practices encompass industry-recommended techniques and technologies for mitigating risks, such as improved well design, casing materials, and cementing techniques, as well as comprehensive site characterization and environmental impact assessments. Monitoring and surveillance programs play a crucial role in early detection and mitigation of potential threats to USDWs. These programs involve regular monitoring of water quality, aquifer levels, and well integrity, as well as implementing real-time monitoring technologies, such as groundwater sensors and satellite imaging, to detect anomalies and deviations from baseline conditions. Early warning systems and trigger thresholds enable prompt response to potential contamination events, including shutting down operations, implementing remediation measures, and notifying relevant authorities and stakeholders. Emergency response plans outline procedures and protocols for addressing contamination incidents and minimizing the impact on USDWs and public health. These plans include contingency measures for containment, cleanup, and remediation, as well as communication strategies for notifying affected communities and coordinating response efforts with regulatory agencies and emergency responders. Integration of risk management frameworks with stakeholder engagement and public participation is essential for enhancing transparency, accountability, and trust in the regulatory process. Engaging with local communities, indigenous groups, environmental organizations, and other stakeholders enables meaningful input and feedback on risk management strategies, fosters dialogue and collaboration, and enhances public awareness and understanding of potential risks and mitigation measures. Frameworks for risk management play a critical role in protecting underground sources of drinking water during oil and gas extraction. By implementing robust regulatory standards, best practices, monitoring programs, and emergency response plans, stakeholders can mitigate risks, safeguard water resources, and ensure the long-term sustainability of groundwater supplies. Continued research, innovation, and collaboration are essential for enhancing risk management frameworks and addressing emerging challenges in protecting USDWs from the impacts of oil and gas extraction activities.