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This study aimed to analyze the relationship between livelihood security and food security attainment among paddy farmers in non-granary areas. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with low-income rice farmers in Kedah and Kelantan States, Malaysia, involving a sample size of 400 households selected through stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). A total of 388 paddy farmers participated in this study. The results indicate that the overall combination of livelihood security components positively correlates with the achievement of food security. Consequently, improvements in food security among farmers are proposed. Government intervention should be considered to enhance livelihood security among paddy farmers and low-income individuals, aligning with the optimal minimum requirements based on the Malaysian food pyramid. Initiatives to promote a balanced diet will be intensified through the food basket program for the poor.
Ahmad Zubir Ibrahim (Thu,) studied this question.